Madzi apampopi(omwe amatchedwanso madzi ampopi, madzi apampopi kapena madzi am'matauni) ndi madzi omwe amaperekedwa kudzera m'mapampu ndi mavavu a akasupe. Madzi apampopi nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kumwa, kuphika, kuchapa ndi kutsuka zimbudzi. Madzi apampopi amkati amagawidwa kudzera mu "mapaipi amkati". Chitoliro choterechi chakhalapo kuyambira kalekale, koma sichinaperekedwe kwa anthu ochepa mpaka m’zaka za m’ma 1800 pamene chinayamba kutchuka m’mayiko otukuka amakono. Madzi apampopi anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m’madera ambiri m’zaka za m’ma 1900 ndipo panopa akusowa makamaka pakati pa anthu osauka, makamaka m’mayiko osauka.

M’maiko ambiri, madzi apampopi kaŵirikaŵiri amagwirizana ndi kumwa madzi. Mabungwe aboma nthawi zambiri amayang'anira ubwino wamadzi apampopi. Njira zoyeretsera madzi am'nyumba, monga zosefera madzi, kuwira kapena kusungunula, zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza kuipitsidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'madzi apampopi kuti azitha kumwa. Kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje (monga malo opangira madzi) omwe amapereka madzi aukhondo ku nyumba, mabizinesi, ndi nyumba za anthu ndi gawo lalikulu la ukhondo. Kutcha madzi operekera madzi "madzi apampopi" amawasiyanitsa ndi mitundu ina ikuluikulu yamadzi amchere yomwe ingakhalepo; Izi zikuphatikizapo madzi ochokera m'mayiwe osonkhanitsira madzi a mvula, madzi ochokera m'mapampu a m'mudzi kapena m'tauni, madzi a m'zitsime, kapena mitsinje, mitsinje, kapena nyanja (The drinkability may vary) madzi.

maziko
Kupereka madzi apampopi kwa anthu a m'mizinda ikuluikulu kapena midzi kumafuna njira yovuta komanso yokonzedwa bwino yosonkhanitsa, kusunga, kukonza, ndi kugawa, ndipo nthawi zambiri ndi udindo wa mabungwe a boma.

M'mbuyomu, madzi oyeretsedwa omwe amapezeka pagulu akhala akugwirizana ndi kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa nthawi ya moyo komanso kusintha kwa thanzi la anthu. Kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m’madzi kungachepetse kwambiri chiopsezo cha matenda obwera ndi madzi monga typhoid fever ndi kolera. Pakufunika kwambiri kuti madzi akumwa azipha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda padziko lonse lapansi. Pakali pano, chlorine ndiyo njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'madzi, ngakhale kuti mankhwala a chlorine amatha kuchita ndi zinthu zomwe zili m'madzi ndikupanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (DBP) omwe amayambitsa mavuto paumoyo wa anthu. kukhalapo kwa ayoni osiyanasiyana achitsulo, omwe nthawi zambiri amapangitsa madzi kukhala "ofewa" kapena "olimba".

Madzi apampopi akadali pachiwopsezo cha kuipitsidwa kwachilengedwe kapena mankhwala. Kuipitsa madzi kudakali vuto lalikulu padziko lonse lapansi. Matenda obwera chifukwa cha kumwa madzi oipa amapha ana 1.6 miliyoni chaka chilichonse. Ngati kuipitsa kumawonedwa kukhala kovulaza thanzi la anthu, akuluakulu aboma nthawi zambiri amapereka malingaliro pakugwiritsa ntchito madzi. Pankhani ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, nthawi zambiri anthu amalangizidwa kuti awiritse madzi kapena agwiritse ntchito madzi a m'mabotolo asanamwe. Pankhani ya kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala, anthu alangizidwe kuti asamamwe madzi apampopi kotheratu mpaka vutoli litathetsedwa.

M'madera ambiri, kutsika kwa fluoride (< 1.0 ppm F) kumawonjezedwa mwadala kumadzi apampopi kuti athetse thanzi la mano, ngakhale kuti "fluoridation" idakali nkhani yotsutsana m'madera ena. (Onani mkangano wa fluorination wa madzi). Komabe, kumwa kwanthawi yayitali kwa madzi okhala ndi fluoride wambiri (> 1.5 ppm F) kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa, monga dental fluorosis, enamel plaque ndi skeletal fluorosis, ndi kupunduka kwa mafupa mwa ana. Kuopsa kwa fluorosis kumadalira kuchuluka kwa fluoride m'madzi, komanso zakudya za anthu komanso zolimbitsa thupi. Njira zochotsera fluoride zimaphatikizapo njira zopangira membrane, mpweya, mayamwidwe, ndi electrocoagulation.

Malamulo ndi kutsata
Amereka
Bungwe la US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) limayang'anira milingo yololeka ya zoipitsa zina m'makina operekera madzi. Madzi apampopi amathanso kukhala ndi zowononga zambiri zomwe sizimayendetsedwa ndi EPA koma zitha kukhala zovulaza thanzi la munthu. Makina amadzi ammudzi-omwe amatumikira gulu limodzi la anthu chaka chonse-ayenera kupereka makasitomala "lipoti lachikhulupiriro cha ogula." Lipotilo limatchula zoipitsa (ngati zilipo) m'madzi ndikufotokozera zotsatira zomwe zingakhalepo pa thanzi. Pambuyo pa Flint Lead Crisis (2014), ofufuza adapereka chidwi chapadera pa kafukufuku wamakhalidwe abwino amadzi akumwa ku United States. Miyezo yosatetezeka ya lead yapezeka m'madzi apampopi m'mizinda yosiyanasiyana, monga Sebring, Ohio mu Ogasiti 2015 ndi Washington, DC mu 2001. Kafukufuku wambiri wasonyeza kuti pafupifupi 7-8% ya madzi ammudzi (CWS) amaphwanya lamulo la Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) chaka chilichonse. Chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa zoipitsa m'madzi akumwa, pafupifupi 16 miliyoni odwala acute gastroenteritis ku United States chaka chilichonse.

Asanamange kapena kukonzanso njira yoperekera madzi, okonza mapulani ndi makontrakitala amayenera kuyang'ana ma code a mapaipi am'deralo ndikupeza zilolezo zomanga asanamangidwe. Kusintha chotenthetsera chamadzi chomwe chilipo kungafunike chilolezo komanso kuyendera ntchito. Muyezo wadziko lonse wa US Drinking Water Pipeline Guide ndi zinthu zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi NSF / ANSI 61. NSF / ANSI inakhazikitsanso miyezo yovomerezeka ya zitini zambiri, ngakhale kuti Food and Drug Administration (FDA) inavomereza zipangizozi.